Huck Finn Vs. 19th Cevtury Ethnics Essay - 1635 Words

Ninetieth Century Morals vs. Huck’s Conscience nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Sometimes making a stand for what is right, especially when it is totally against the customary beliefs of society, can never be an easy accomplishment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the novel, The Adventures Huckleberry Finn by, Mark Twain, the main character Huck, encounters many situations involving a question of morality. Considering the traditional protocol of his society, Huck must choose between his conscience or public ethics. In many cases Huck goes with his conscience, which always proves to be proper selection. Ironically, what Huck believes in, unapproved of in the ninetieth century, is the basis of accepted beliefs in our modern†¦show more content†¦At his departure for the town, on a mission to turn Jim in, Jim leaves Huck with these words. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å" Pooty soon I’ll be a shout’n’ for joy, en I’ll say , nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; it’s all on accounts o’ Huck; I’s a free man, en I nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;couldn’t ever ben free ef it hadn’t it ben for Huck; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Huck done it. Jim won’t ever forgit you, Huck; you’s nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; de bes’ fren’ Jim’s ever had; en you’s de only fren’ nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; ole Jim’s got now†. (Twain 86-87) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hearing these words, Huck realizes how much Jim’s friendship means to him and decides not to turn in Jim. Finally, the last test of Huck’s conscience comes when he finds out that the â€Å"king† and the â€Å"duke† have sold Jim. Huck starts thinking about how wrong he had been to help Jim escape, and decides he should write a letter to Miss Watson. He then changes his mind, seeing that Jim would be worse off as a runaway slave because he would be treated horribly, and Huck himself would always be known for helping the runaway nigger. Then he changes his mind again, wanting to accept the consequences of his actions, and wanting to confess his sins because he new Providence was watching him the whole time. Huck, after writing the letter to Miss Watson, suddenly

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters...

An Inward Collapse of the Human Perspective in Forsters A Passage to India The reverberation of sound in the form of an echo is threaded throughout E.M. Forsters A Passage to India, and the link between the echo and the hollowness of the human spirit is depicted in the text. The echo is not heard in the beginning of the text when the English newcomers, Mrs. Moore and Ms. Quested, arrive in India; it is more clearly heard as their relationship with India gains complexity. The influence of the colonizers and the colonized on one another is inevitable; however, the usual assumption is that the colonists are the most successful in imposing their values and ideologies on the individuals whom they view as the natives. In an†¦show more content†¦Forster depicts the influence of the colonized on the colonizers who are exposed to their inward emptiness as a reflection of their metaphysical disconnectedness. The environment in which the English find themselves in India is diametrically opposed to the sense of order and reason presumed to exist in the Western world. In relation to characteristics attached to colonists in general, the English colonists have arrived in India with pre-conceived notions of how the world operates and how people should behave within the constructs of their rational world. The English view the world from a limited perspective, and the chaos that India introduces to them challenges many of the English characters ideologies of spirituality in the universe and within themselves. Even though India is portrayed as a puzzling environment where the native inhabitants lack a sense of self as they submit to the colonists, it is the English characters who appear weak as they are juxtaposed to an environment rich in wisdom and spirituality. Forster describes the section of Chandrapore in which the English reside as a city of gardens, which is in contrast to the residences of the Indians described as So abased, so monotonous is everything that meets the eye, that when the Ganges comes down it might be expected to wash the excrescence back into the soil (Forster 4) . However, in

It/240 Appendix E Free Essays

Axia College Material Appendix E TCP/IP Network Planning Table Read questions 80 and 81 on pp. 274-275 of the text. Identify the problems with the TCP/IP network in each scenario and complete the table. We will write a custom essay sample on It/240 Appendix E or any similar topic only for you Order Now Explain your answer for each of the scenarios. | | | | |Scenario |Problem |Explanation of proposed solution |Resources needed | |#80 |Two computers are on default gateways that are |The default gateway for computer 141. 171. 35. is |The computer will need to be accessed under the Administrator profile and the command| | |not optimal or are undefined, meaning the |not located on the network. This computer is |prompt opened. Type in â€Å"ipconfig/ release† followed by â€Å"ipconfig/ renew† to resolve | | |default gateway used is not on the existing |located in the ring topology subnet. The gateway |these issues. | | |network or the default gateway is not the best |should be set to 141. 171. 34. 7 to resolve the | | | |choice for connecting the computer. |issue with computer 141. 171. 35. 3. | | | | | | | | | |The computer 141. 71. 40. 3, on the star subnet, | | | | |should have its default gateway changed to | | | | |141. 171. 40. 15. | | |#81 |The computer at 14 1. 171. 35. 3 is attempting to |The computer at 141. 171. 35. should have its |Again, the computer should be logged in with the Administrator profile and â€Å"ipconfig/| | |use a default gateway which is not located on |default gateway set to 141. 171. 34. 17. |release† followed by â€Å"ipconfig/ renew† should be typed in the command prompt on both | | |its subnet. | |machines to ensure connectivity to the proper gateways. | | | |The computer at 141. 171. 0. 3 should have its | | | |The gateway used by computer 141. 171. 40. 3 is |default gateway set to 141. 171. 40. 15 to optimize | | | |not optimizing connections between the computer|its connection. | | | |and others on the network. The computer should | | | | |use another gateway to optimize its | | | | |connectivity. | | | How to cite It/240 Appendix E, Papers

Advertising and Zara free essay sample

Issue Ezra has only a few US stores and is considering further US expansion. The issues to be considered include whether or not expand, and how to go about expanding should that avenue be followed. Analysis There are many factors influencing the expansion decision. Retail fashion is an extremely competitive industry with many players, most of whom are established brand names with a national presence and high advertising budgets to make sure consumers are aware of them. Saras policy is to do as little advertising as possible.But this will limit the rate of expansion, or limit the growth in sales volume at the new stores as word of mouth spreads. Saras main competitive advantage is its lean just in time delivery system that allows their stores to have the newest and hottest fashions on their shelves before their competitors. This system can work, but it will limit how quickly the company will expand in a market the size Of the united States. We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising and Zara or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Saras zero-inventory system poses specific challenges to expansion ; namely that manufacturing and logistics networks must grow at the exact same rate as the company.To aide with this the company has a state-of-the- art information infrastructure to ensure a tight linking between retail sales and manufacturing. EZRA is a known brand and even though it does not advertise its brand name can be leveraged for expansion. Press coverage for the upcoming stores will make people start talking and result in growing the anticipation of a new store opening. Additional manufacturing and distribution centers will be required for the united States. Since Saras goal is to get its clothes to the market fast, manufacturing centers will need to be close.Apparel manufacturing is labor intensive, however the costs can be minimized by the building of manufacturing centers in South America with distribution centers positioned in the IS. S. Ports. Recommendations Ezra should expand into select U. S. Cities Los Angels, Washington, Chicago, and Florida. This expansion must match the ability of its existing supply chain to provide what is needed in the stores. This expansion Will provide better information for future expansions. Ezra should advertise initially to reach its customers.Magazine articles will rate awareness of the brand which will be spread by word of mouth. Ezra must ensure that its stores are still located in the main fashion districts of each city it will expand in.. Saras strengths are the fast speed that it brings a new product to market and the way it is able to control its costs by not allowing inventory buildup and using information technology to quickly adapt to changes in the market. The company must keep doing thighs the way it did before its expansion to make sure that it does not lose its competitive advantages.

Investigation into the Factors that affect the Viscosity of Magma Essay Example

Investigation into the Factors that affect the Viscosity of Magma Essay Magma is molten material beneath or within the earths crust, from which igneous rock is formed. Magma can only be in places that are hot enough to melt rocks. When magma is formed it rises to the surface through the earths crust. When magma reaches the earths surface it is known as lava. It can erupt on the earths surface, either on land or under the ocean, by a volcano or through a fissure. It solidifies into igneous rock that is also called lava. Before reaching the earths surface, the mixture of solid and liquid rock, and gases, is known as magma. Lava is composed chiefly of silica and the oxides of aluminium, iron, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium.There are two types of magma granitic magma and basaltic magma. Both of these types of magma contain SiO2 (sulphur dioxide). Granitic magma is very thick and contains 70% Sulphur Dioxide it has a temperature of about 750((. Basaltic magma is runny and contains 45% Sulphur Dioxide it has a temperature of 1100((. The more SiO2 bo nds the stronger the magma is, also meaning it is thicker.My Experiment is on the viscosity of magma and how you would measure it. Factors that could affect the viscosity of magma are Temperature and composition. Composition because magma contains a certain amount of water and temperature because this will tell me how runny the magma is at different temperatures.The technical definition of Viscosity is; the property of resting alternation in position of its parts relative to each other, which simply means how runny a substance is. This is what I will be trying to find out and the substance is magma.Pre-TestsIn my experiment I unfortunately wont be able to use real magma as it is at such high temperatures, it would expensive and inconvenient to get hold of and is also toxic. So instead of Magma I will be using a substance called glycerol. I have looked into different substances and their advantages and disadvantages. I knew it had to be something that was still liquid in a freezer it also had to be a substance that can be diluted easily. I have looked into using syrup and decided it was a bad idea because it gets very messy and sticky when hot and is also tempting to eat. I also looked into using thick engine oil but this wasnt very good either as you can only dilute it in white spirit, which could become dangerous and expensive. I have decided on Glycerol because it is cheap dissolves in water, it isnt poisonous and has similar properties to magma.With the substance and the factors that could affect the viscosity of glycerol I had to find the easiest way to test them. Temperature I can vary by heating the glycerol and composition I can mix the glycerol with water I then had to find out what the affect of these factors was on the glycerol. I looked into a couple of ways to test the affect of temperature and composition. The first one I came up with was to dribble the glycerol along a set-up of gutters and time to see how long it takes to travel down the gutters and fill up a certain amount of the pot at the bottom. This is a diagram of how that experiment was set up:Through research I have discovered lots of problems with this method like by the time the glycerol has travelled along the gutter it will have cooled down, it is messy, it is hard to pour at a constant speed. The other method I came up with was to fill a measuring cylinder with glycerol then drop a marble in the top and time to see how long it takes to reach the bottom. There are also problems involved in this method like it is also messy, you have to make sure you use all of the same equipment, it is tricky to get the marble out, once it is at the bottom of the tube.MethodI have looked at my results from my pre tests and this method seems to be safe, easy and not too time consuming.Below is diagram of how I set up my equipment used to do my experiment. When I choose temperature as the variable I kept the volume of glycerol the same. I had to be very careful to make sure I use d the exact same measuring cylinder, marble and stop watch. These are all things that needed to be taken into account if I want to make my experiment fair. The volume of glycerol used was 25cm(. To make sure I used the same equipment each time I labelled my measuring cylinder put the marble in it and pushed tissue in the top of it.I had to heat the glycerol to get it to the desired temperatures I did this using a water bath. My starting temperature was 20(C and rising by 10 each time. My maximum temperature was 70(C. Once the glycerol was at the desired temperature, I put 25cm( of it into my measuring cylinder and dropped my marble in the top of it timing it to see how long it took to reach the bottom. I repeated the experiment three times to make it a fair test.The second experiment was on composition this was a lot harder to carry out. I used the exact same equipment that I used for temperature. In this experiment composition is the variable and I kept the temperature constant at room temp. I used 25cm( of diluted glycerol. I diluted the glycerol by using the ratio 24glycerol: 1water, 23glycerol: 2water.I used the same method for this experiment as I did for temperature, for each of the ratios I repeated the experiment three times for each mix of glycerol and water. This helped to make sure that my results were reliable and fair.PredictionIn my experiment I had to use glycerol instead of magma but there are things that can be related to each one like that the more viscous a substance is the thicker it is. There are two factors that affect the viscosity of glycerol, which means there are probably two factors that affect the viscosity of magma. The higher the temperature of the glycerol the less viscous it is. Granitic magma is hotter than basaltic so it is likely that it basaltic will be thicker. The same kind of theory can be used for composition the greater the amount of water present the less viscous it is. There is a lot of water present in magma and so t he same will happen the more water the less viscous.SafetyAlthough I have decided to use glycerol instead of magma there are still lab safety precautions that have to be followed.* Lab coats musty be worn at all times* Ties should be taken off* Long hair should be tied back* Safety goggles must worn at all times* We will be dealing with some high temperatures so caution must be taken when heating or carrying the glycerol* Bags should be kept out of the way* You shouldnt sit down at any time throughout the experimentTable to show results for temperatureTemp((C)Time (seconds)123average20113112112112304947477484032303231502523252360131113127013111112Table to show results of compositionRatio of glycerol two waterTime (seconds)123Average24:13132333223:22931303022:32829272820:51110111115:10333310:1511110:250.90.70.80.8AnalysisMy graphs seem to back up my theory that as the temperature was increased the time it took for the marble to travel to the bottom of the tube reduced. In the second graph, which shows the results from the composition experiment, from this I can see that my prediction that as the amount of water added to the glycerol increased the time taken for the marble to travel to the bottom of the tube reduced. This proves that two factors that effect magma are temperature and composition.There were two experiments carried out so I will analyse each of them individually in the following paragraphs.The first experiment I carried out was on the effects of temperature on the viscosity of magma. It is obvious that the temperature has an affect on the viscosity of the glycerol. The reason for the loss in thickness is because as the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the molecules in the glycerol increased so their bonds weakened and broke there for the glycerol became less viscous. This would also happen in magma, as there are strong Si-O bonds, which as the temperature increased so would their kinetic energy and so weakening their bonds these are the bonds, which made the magma so thick.The second experiment I carried out was to test the effect of composition on the viscosity of magma. My results show that as the concentration of water in the glycerol increased the time taken for the marble to pass through the glycerol to the bottom of the tube increased as well. The glycerol became runnier because the more water bonds there are present the weaker the bonds between glycerol molecules become. This is also what would happen in magma as the water bonds would weaken the Si-O bonds in the magma and so making it runnier.By looking at my results and background work I have realised that, Basaltic magma is hotter so will be runnier than granitic magma because the kinetic energy in basaltic magma is higher so it has weaker bonds. With the composition basaltic magma has alt more water in it than granitic and so the Si-O bonds are weaker. From this I can predict that basaltic magma is more viscous and is runnier.EvaluationThe results I rece ived backed up my prediction and I feel were very reliable. Although these results were good it would have been nearly impossible to get perfect results with the equipment we used. There are also two other main sources of error these are human error. When measuring out the ratios in the composition experiment I could of made some mistakes and not quite got the concentration correct. Another chance for human error would have been starting and stopping the stopwatch when the marble was dropped into the measuring cylinder and hit the bottom. It would have been impossible to get this exactly right unless we could use really high tech equipment, which could have been very expensive. The other type of possible error was to do with equipment.There was a lack of glycerol so for the composition experiment I had to use the glycerol from the temperature experiment this could have been a source of error. When heating the glycerol we had do it in a water bath which wasnt very accurate as once it was at the right temperature I had to carry it back over to my desk were I was working, by this time it was already starting to cool down. The last source of error I could easily recognise was that the marble and the measuring cylinder was a very tight fit and I think the marble sometimes got stuck on the edge of the tube. Other than these possible causes of error I feel the experiment went ahead very smoothly without any injuries or major problems.

BA 488 first section Essays

BA 488 first section Essays BA 488 first section Essay BA 488 first section Essay Essential Questions BA 488 1) What is personal selling? Relationship based selling 2) Explain the difference between traditional transaction focused selling and trust- based relationship selling. transaction based ends after the sale 3) How does personal selling contribute to society, businesses, and customers? Strengthens relationships leading to increased sales and productivity 4) Briefly describe the five alternative approaches to personal selling. Which are more transaction based and which are more trust-based? Stimilus Response-scripted Mental States- Curiosity_sales Need satisfaction Problem Solving consultative 5) Briefly describe the three major phases of the trust-based sales process. Understanding customer value -creating and communicating value and delivering value CH2 1) Trust is a very complex concept. What five questions that are commonly asked by customers are answered when the salesperson is trusted? 2) Identify and describe the five characteristics of a salesperson that help that salesperson to earn a customers trust. How can a salesperson demonstrate each of the characteristics? . Expertise, compatibility, customer orientation, dependability and candor ) In order for salespeople to earn customers trust, they must be knowledgeable in several different areas. Identify and briefly describe the various types of knowledge a good salesperson should possess. Why is it important for salespeople to have a good knowledge base in each of these different areas? a. Industry, company, produ ct, service, price,market,competitor, tech 4) Assume you get a Job as a sales representative. How can you determine which sales practices are ethical and which are unethical? Company laws and guidelines 5) American society clearly defines some practices, such as deception, as unethical. Identify three practices that qualify as deception. a. Exagerating benefits, unfounded answers withholding information 6) Some sales practices are deemed so unethical by our society that engaging in them has legal consequences. Describe four things you as a salesperson should not do to avoid any legal problems for yourself and your company. a. Bribery, Product liability, negligence, basis of the bargain CH3 1) Briefly describe six ways that business markets differ from consumer markets. a. Trained purchasing professionals, ritualized, buying teams, chasing demand, larger ccounts, more buyer power, concentrated demand 2) Outline the steps of the business buying process. What does the buyer do in each step? What opportunities for involvement and/or influence does the seller have in each step? a. Recognition of b. Determining quality needed c. Quantity of item needed d. Qualification of potential sources e. Acquisition andAnalysis of proposals f. Evaluation of proposals and selection of suppliers Selection of order routine g. h. Performance feedback 3) Some salespeople find it useful to categorize buyers various needs. How can this be helpful toa salesperson? Describe five types of needs that buyers may possess. a. Functional Needs- Features and prupose desired b. Situational Needs- Ability to meet demands-timely-capacity c. Social Needs- Benefits of associations d. Psychological Needs- Assurance and strong appeal e. Knowledge needs-How something is made/upkept 4) Many business buyers use a compensatory multiattribute model to make buying decisions. When you, as a salesperson, think that your potential customer is using this type of model, what can you do to give your company the best chance of coming out on top (that is, of being chosen as the provider)? Ask what they hold in high regards 1) Satisfying buyers is extremely important in sales because satisfied buyers become repeat buyers. Identify and describe the two types of attributes that influence buyer satisfaction. Which have the greater influence on satisfaction? What can you as a salesperson do to ensure that your customers are satisfied? 2 ) Describe the three types of business buying decisions. Assuming you are the salesperson, how will your involvement in the purchasing process differ for each type? Straight Rebuy, electronic data interschange Low Modified Rebuy Moderate New Task High ) Your text describes four different communication styles based on the communicators degrees of assertiveness and responsiveness. Briefly describe each of these communication styles. How can you identify each of the styles? What should you do to communicate effectively with people exhibiting each of the styles? High Responsive Low Low Assertive Amiables-Relationship oriented, slow paced. Low R, Low A Analyticals-Task oriented, Slow Pased High R high A Expressives, Relationship oriented and fast paced Drivers Task oriented and fast paced buying center). What is a buying team? Describe the different roles of buying team embers. What are some of the things that you as a salesperson must do to effectively sell to a buying team? Initiators†find the need Influencers†Engineering Users†evaluate how it will affect their Job users serve as both AA DECIDERS-Make the call Purchasers†Negotiate terms Gatekeepers†le secretaries CH4 1) One of the most important, if not the most important thing for a salesperson to do is to ask the customer relevant, timely, and well crafted questions. Describe the different types of questions you could use as a salesperson and the purpose(s) that each type of question serve(s). . Open ended, Closed ended, Multiple choice, probing, evaluative, tactical, Reactive 2) There are so many different types of questions and objectives you may want to accomplish that it is helpful to organize questions into an easy to remember system. One system you could use is the SPIN system. Describe the steps of SPIN. What is your goal (as the salesperson) in each step? What characteristics should your question(s) possess in each step? Provide an example of a question that you would ask in each step. SPIN Situational Question- ascertain who the supplier is, purchase decisions Problem Questions- current problems with suppliers products etc Implication Questions- Help buyer reach decision†IE how does this affect profitability Need-payoff Questions- Solutions†would increased deliveries increased productivity? 3) ADAPT is another questioning system that you could use. Describe the steps of ADAPT and answer the same questions for ADAPT as you did above for SPIN. ADAPT logic based funneling system Assesment†open ended general assessments Discovery†Probe into assessment discoverys to uncover potential gaps Activation† Show the negatives of the problem from previous steps to pique interest Projection† Speculate as to what life would be like if problem would be solved Transiton, Segway †so having a supplier who is on time is important to you? If I can show you how we can be that would you be interested in purchasing.. 1. In order to successfully sell products, services, ideas, or yourself, you need to listen well. By the way, listening well will also help you to succeed in other aspects of your life, including being a student, an employee, a boss, a partner, a spouse, a parent. the list goes on and on! ) Although we seem to listen all the time, most of us dont listen well very often ecause listening effectively takes effort and dedication. Describe six things that you need to do while listening in order to listen ef fectively. Pay attention, Monitor Nonvervals, Paraphrase and repeat, make no assumptions ask clarifying questions. Encourage buyer to talk. Visualize. 2. Now lets think about what is going on in your brain as you listen. The SIER model breaks down active listening into four steps that must be carried out thoroughly and in the proper order to achieve active listening. thoroughly complete each step before moving on to the next. SIER Sensing- Actually listening Interpreting† summarizing key points and asking questions Evaluating†seeing if you agree Respondingparalinguistic 3. Weve all heard the phrase, A picture is worth a thousand words. Studies in cognitive psychology seem to support this statement. People remember pictures far better than they remember words. Identify some ways that you as a salesperson can leverage buyers bias towards remembering images to engage in more effective sales dialogue. Abstract words and phrases, be graphic, bursting with flavor, concrete descriptions 4. Much of our communication is nonverbal. What percentage of the meaning contained in communication is co nveyed through nonverbal behavior? How might a buyer express particular meanings through nonverbal behavior? You should know a couple of behaviors that are warning signs that the sales call is not going well, and a couple that indicate that the buyer is interested. ) How can you as a salesperson express positive messages through your own nonverbal cues? 50 percent, Facial expressions, eye movements, body language, posture and orientations, proxemics CH5 1. What is prospecting? Why is it important for salespeople to prospect? The finding of new customers 2. Strategic prospecting involves generating, qualifying, and prioritizing sales opportunities. Describe the characteristics that distinguish a suspect from a prospect. (Hint: the acronym MAD is useful for remembering these characteristics. ) Why is qualifying and prioritizing prospects important? 3. Describe the four main sources of prospects outlined in your book. What is a referral? Who could you ask for a referral? How could noncompeting salespeople be helpful to you in your prospecting? Where can you look within your own company to find new prospects? Which sources are likely to produce the most promising prospects? Cold canvasing†cold calls referrals introductions Networking†centers of influence, non-competing sales people Company Sources† records, advertising inquiries trade shows seminars Published sources†directories commercial lead lists 4. Describe the five elements of a strategic prospecting plan. Explain why each is important for effective prospecting. Allocating time Keep records Stay positive Evaluate Set Goals 5. What preliminary information should you gather before contacting a prospect? Where could you look for this information? Internet

Criminological Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Criminological Theory - Research Paper Example Crimes differ from place to place and it is relevant to consider each case under certain/specific conditions. Unfortunately, the law is considered to be â€Å"the same for all the people† that means that cases are judged according to common rules, notwithstanding that some of them need special attention. Labeling theory has been developed with regards to social constructionist theory. In accordance with the labeling theory, crime is a defined set of symbols, assigned to this social act by a representative of the society by other members of the society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tannenbaum  (1938) can be considered one of the first labeling theorists. He claimed that interpretation of evil and an individual’s attitude toward evil identifies his potential criminal behavior (cited by Clarke). In accordance with  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lemert  (1951), the "societal reaction" approach was suggested. This approach was characterized by the differentiation of primary and secondary deviance (i.e. acceptance/ non-acceptance of the deviant status by a criminal). Becker (1963) was focused on the conceptual development of â€Å"moral entrepreneurs†, or members of the society who could label a certain way of a criminal’s behavior as violating the law (cited by Clarke).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Currently, there are some points borrowed from labeling theory, which refer to social constructivist considerations.    In accordance with modern representatives of labeling theory, the societies create crimes by developing the laws. The essence and the nature of the law should be considered with regards to social reactions expressed by the society concerning one or another law.    Modern theorists of labeling theory underline the necessity to focus on â€Å"controlology† or a group of theories focused on â€Å"moral panics, but mostly the view that criminal justice agencies are part of broader social control mechanisms, like welfare, mental health,  education, the military, and the mass media, all of which are used by the state to control "problem" populations† (Arvanites 1992).  

Pick one cultural space, site, exhibition, performance or project. How Essay

Pick one cultural space, site, exhibition, performance or project. How inclusive and participatory is it, and why - Essay Example This paper looks at a cultural performance and analyzes its inclusivity and participation. It discusses Morris Dancing specifically from historical, artistic and various cultural aspects. Theories discussed in the paper will be applied on this dance to help understand if this culture is inclusive and participatory or not. Various academic resources are consulted to understand how humans perceive and live cultures. The essay also looks into the reasons why some cultural practices are inclusive while others are rigid. Towards the end, a brief summary of the research findings are given as a summary to help understand why such cultural behaviours exist and how humans, on a collective basis, can improve their cultural and artistic thinking and behaviour in the future. The earliest record of Morris Dancing dates back to 1448 when a payment of seven shilling was paid by the Goldsmiths’ Company in London to a group of Morris Dancers (Heaney, 2004). It might have started purely as entertainment but later it became a part of the English culture and spread across the globe as a British cultural dance. Even though different cultures like American, Australian, and Canadian cultures enjoy it but the Morris Dance groups are mostly British expatriates. In other words Morris Dancing is specific to the British culture. It is impossible to confine arts and culture in a narrow definition. For this reason it is convenient to think of arts in terms of institutionalized definition. ‘Art world’ is the exhilaration of artistic skills, mostly displayed at places like museums, academia, art galleries etc. (Belfiore & Bennett, 2008). The same applies to culture as it manifests itself in various cultural exhibitions and art forms, including dancing. The distinctions in culture are stronger than they are in art. When Morris Dancing was purely aesthetical, it was flexible

Mega project. Toronto, Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mega project. Toronto, Canada - Research Paper Example Historically, employment activity is conducted in the area being part of a larger precinct. It is along rail corridors designated as Employment areas in the City of Toronto Official Plan and Zoning By-law No. 438-86. The proponent submitted the application to amend the City of Toronto Official Plan to convert the industrial property in question into a residential property in June 28, 2005. The applicant asked the City Council to amend the former City of Toronto Zoning By-law No. 438-86 in order to convert the industrial property into residential. It argued that it is consistent with the Provincial Policy Statement related to employment areas and permission for conversion of lands within the designation as long as a proposal provides a comprehensive review that there is a need for conversion. The proposal argued that the â€Å"existing uses have coexisted with nearby residential uses for decades,† (Lintern, p 7). The proposal was supported in part by residents who attended a community meeting in October 24, 2005. It also proposed that the amendment will contribute to the City’s housing supply. The Office of the Director for Community Planning in Etobicoke York District disagreed and recommended for the refusal of the said proposal. Others who opposed the proposal include local industries Canada Bread, NRI Industries, St. Mary’s Cement, and Topper Linen Supply Limited. The industries mentioned argued about the possible impacts to their operations about the proposed amendment of the property into a residential one. Aside from the proposal’s failure to pass the two tests necessary as part of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS) which should justify that the land will no longer have a role for employment purposes in the long term as well as provide enough ground for the need t convert the area into a residential one. In addition, the following were

Implementation Of Harm Reduction Strategies Criminology Essay

Implementation Of Harm Reduction Strategies Criminology Essay The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) identifies five categories for illicit drugs: narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside of medical channels (CIA World Fact Book, 2012). In the United Kingdom, the term illicit drugs is used to describe those drugs that are controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Globally, the illicit drugs trade (also referred to as the illegal drugs trade or drug trafficking) is one of the largest businesses and some 210 million people use illicit drugs each year, and almost 200,000 deaths can be attributed as a direct result of these drugs (UNODC, 2011). Illicit drugs are a substantial threat to the public good, not only because they adversely affect public health, but also because they can generate crime, disorder, family breakdown, and community decay (Strang et al., 2012). } Proportion of 16 to 59 year olds reporting use of any drug by age group and sex in the last year, 2010/11 BCS CHAPTER 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY AND REIVEW OF THE LITERATURE 2.1 Epidemiology of illicit drug use Drug misuse is a global social problem and, along with poverty and infectious disease, is one of the most challenging issues for personal and community health in many parts of the world (Donmall, 2001).The task of drug abuse epidemiology is to better understand patterns and trends in drug use, such as the characteristics of persons abusing drugs and how this may change over time. Drug abuse epidemiology is one of the more challenging areas of epidemiology. One of the basic reasons for this is the nature of substance use and the circumstances around it- the illegal nature of most drug abuse means that it remains hidden from view to some extent, and thus difficult to quantify (Donmall, 2001, WHO, 2000). Since the 1980s there have been major changes in trends and patterns of drug use including: global increases in the production and use of drugs; new forms of old drugs (eg. smokeable crack cocaine); changes in way drugs are taken (eg. transitions from opium smoking to heroin injection); and the introduction and proliferation of new drugs (eg. MDMA ecstasy and other amphetamine-type stimulants)(WHO, 2000). Drug use behaviours range from occasional, sporadic or experimental use, through regular low risk recreational use, to high risk, daily dependence that is often associated with a variety of financial, health and social problems (Donmall, 2001). However not all drug use is equally harmful, just as not all drugs have the same negative effects. This creates another challenge for drug abuse epidemiology- not all behaviours or substances pose the same risk. However, it has been recognised that drug injection is of specific importance as it has become a major transmission route for HIV (WHO, 2000). 2.2 Illicit drugs In the United Kingdom, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, with amendments, is the main law regulating drug control UK. It divides controlled substances into 3 Classes (A, B, C) based on harm, with Class A being the most harmful. An overview of the main drugs are found in table 1, along with their classification. Table 1: Drug classification Source: Home Office 2011 The detailed information on the different drugs found below is derived from the following sources: World Health Organisations Guide to Drug Abuse Epidemiology (2000), DrugScope (2012) and the Talk to Frank Home Office initiative (2012) to provide accurate and reliable information on drugs for young people (WHO, 2000, DrugScope, 2012, FRANK, 2012). Cocaine Cocaine and its derivative crack cocaine provide an example of both the globalization of substance use and the cyclical nature of drug epidemics. Traditionally coca leaves have been chewed by people in the Andean countries of South America for thousands of years. The main alkaloid of the coca leave, cocaine, was isolated relatively recently in about 1860. Cocaine was then used in patent medicines, beverages and tonics in developed countries in Europe, North America and in Australia until the early 1900s. Laws restricting the availability of cocaine saw a decrease in consumption in these countries until the 1960s. From that time cocaine use became popular among certain groups of young people in some developed countries and in the producer countries of South America. Cocaine became widely available in North America in the 1970s and Europe in the 1980s (WHO, 2000). Ecstasy Ecstasy is an illegally manufactured drug that usually comes in tablet or capsule form. The chemical name of pure ecstasy is 3,4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) (DrugScope, 2012). Ecstasy is a stimulant drug which also has mild hallucinogenic effects. It has been described as being like a mix of amphetamine and a weak form of LSD. The effects of taking a moderate dose start after 20-60 minutes (longer if on a full stomach) and can last for up to several hours. Ecstasy was first made by two German chemists in 1912 and patented in 1914, in case it turned out to be a useful drug. It didnt. During the 1950s, the American military experimented with a whole range of drugs, including ecstasy, for use in chemical warfare, to extract information from prisoners and to immobilise armies. In the 1960s, the drug was rediscovered by an American research chemist Alexander Shulgin who experimented with it on himself (DrugScope, 2012). LSD Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is an hallucinogenic drug that is derived originally from ergot, a fungus found growing wild on rye and other grasses. It is a white powder, but as a street drug, it is a liquid either on its own or absorbed into paper sheets. The sheets are cut into tiny squares like postage stamps or transfers and often have pictures or designs on. LSD is also sometimes dropped on to sugar cubes or formed into tablets or small capsules (DrugScope, 2012). Magic Mushrooms Psilocin-based magic mushrooms (PBMMs) in prepared forms (e.g. dried or extracted) have been illegal in the UK since the 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act. But fresh or unprepared PBMMs were legal to possess and traffic until the 2005 Drugs Act, UK (Riley, 2010). Meth Methamphetamine (crystal meth) is a central nervous system stimulant with a high potential for misuse and dependence. A synthetic drug, it is closely related chemically to amphetamine (speed) but produces greater effects on the central nervous system. Cannabis Cannabis is a Class B drug derived from the cannabis plant, a bushy plant found wild in most parts of the world and easily cultivated in Britain. There are three varieties of the plant, Cannabis sativa, indica and ruderalis. In Western countries it is generally used as a relaxant and mild intoxicant. In the UK, cannabis is generally smoked with tobacco in a joint or spliff, but can also be smoked in a pipe, brewed into a drink or cooked into food (DrugScope, 2012). Poppers Poppers are usually found in the form of a liquid chemical (a nitrite) sold in a small bottle. Commonly, the chemical is alkyl nitrite. Other nitrites like amyl nitrite (and butyl nitrite and isobutyl nitrite) have also used been used. Nitrites dilate the blood vessels and allow more blood to get to the heart ((FRANK, 2012). Heroin Heroin use has become increasingly common in North-America and Europe since the 1960s. Increases in heroin use are often cyclical in these countries. In the United Kingdom, for example, there was a well reported heroin epidemic in the mid-1980s, following a period in the 1970s when the heroin using population was generally stable and ageing (Power, 1994). The UK epidemic in the 1980s was in part the result of the availability of cheap, high purity heroin from South-west Asia notably Pakistan. This form of heroin could be smoked and became attractive to young non-injecting users (Pearson, 1987).(WHO, 2000) Since heroin is commonly used by injecting, the health risks including that of HIV and hepatitis transmission are substantial. A number of drugs used commonly for their therapeutic efficacy in health care are also being abused all over the world. These include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, other sedatives and some stimulant drugs .The epidemiology of this use is difficult to study, because of difficulties in distinguishing medical and non-medical use (WHO, 2000). 2.3 Data on Drug users United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, primary sources of information about prevalence of illegal drugs among the adult population are derived from representative household surveys. In England and Wales, the British Crime Survey (BCS) has been a continuous survey since 2002 (EMCDDA, 2012). The BCS collects a rich set of information on the personal, household, area characteristics and lifestyle factors of respondents that can be used to explore differences in drug use. This information, together with other information from representative surveys feeds into the latest report on the statistics of drug misuse in England and Wales (NHS Information Centre, 2011). The following data is extracted from the 2011 report Statistics on Drug Misuse: England published by the NHS Information Centre and the 2011 Home Office report on Drug misuse in England and Wales (Home Office, 2011, NHS Information Centre, 2011). According to this report, the prevalence of ever having taken illicit drugs in England and Wales has increased from 30.5% in 1996 to 36.3% in 2010/11. As can be seen in figure 1 in 2010/2011, 12 per cent of men, versus 5.7 per cent of women reported using any type of drug in the last year. There is a clear downward trend in any drug use in the past year as age increases for all adults. Specifically for Class A drugs, there is a slight increase in use for the 20-24 age group, after which use decreases with age as well. Figure 1: Proportion of adults reporting use of the most prevalent drugs in the last year, by age, 2010/11 BCSBCR home office drugs.PNG Source: Home Office 2011 A total of 8.8 per cent of adults had used one or more illicit drug within the last year (figure 1), compared with 8.6 per cent in 2009/10, which indicates a slight increase in any drug use for adults in the past year. However, as can be seen in figure 2, there has been a general downward trend in the use of any drug in the past decade, whereas there has been little change in the percentage of any Class A drugs used by adults in this same time period. Figure 2: Proportion of 16 to 59 year olds reporting use of any illicit drug or any Class A drug in the last year, 1996 to 2010/11 BCS Source: Home Office 2011 drugs 2.PNG The prevalence of young adults (16-24 years) ever having taken drugs has decreased from 48.6 per cent in 1996 to 40.1 per cent in 2010/11. Findings from the 2009/10 BCS suggest that falls in illicit drug use have occurred in the youngest age groups (16-29 year olds), where use is highest. For example, around one in three (31.6%) of 16-19 year olds used an illicit drug in the last year in 1996 compared with around one in five (22.3%) in 2009/10. Figure 3: Proportion of adults reporting use of the most prevalent drugs in the last year, by age, 2010/11 BCS As can be seen in figure 3, in 2010/11 cannabis is the type of drug most likely to be used by adults (6.8%) followed by powder cocaine (2.1%), which is consistent with findings from previous years. Similarly, for young adults (16-24 years) cannabis is the most prevalent drug followed by powder cocaine and ecstasy. The 2010/11 BCS reported that single adults had higher levels of any (18.1%) or Class A (6.5%) drug use in comparison with all other marital groups (for example, 2.7% and 0.6% were the equivalent figures for married adults). In addition, adults from a White ethnic group had higher levels of any (9.4%) or Class A (3.2%) drug use than those from a non-White background (that is, ethnic groups other than White; 5.1%, any drug use; 1.0% Class A). Adults living in a household in the lowest income group ( £10,000 or less) had the highest levels of any drug use (12.9%) compared with all other income groups (e.g. 7.7% of adults living in a household with an income of  £50,000). In addition, a clear urban-rural disparity exists, with 9.3 per cent of adults in urban areas had taken any illicit drug in the last year compared with 7.0 per cent of those in rural areas. This was the case for both Class A drug use as well as any other drug use among adults (Home Office, 2011). Similar to the data collected by the British Crime Survey , the NHS also collects data on smoking, drinking and drug use among secondary school pupils aged 11 to 15(NHS, 2011). Overall, this report shows that drug use has declined since 2001. In 2010, 18 per cent of pupils said they had ever dused drugs, 12 per cent had taken any drugs in the last year and 7 per cent had taken drugs in the last month (compared to 29 %, 20 % and 12% respectively in 2001). This decreasing trend can be seen in figure 4. Girls were less likely than boys to have taken drugs in the last year (odds ratio= 0.74), the odds of having taken drugs in the last year also increased with age (odds ratio=1.13 for each additional year) (NHS, 2011). In terms of ethnicity, pupils of Asian ethnicity were more likely to have taken drugs in the last year than white pupils (odds ratio= 1.13). As is not unexpected, both smoking and drinking alcohol were associated with drug use in the last year. When looking at the type of drugs used, cannabis is the most prevalent- 8.2 per cent of pupils reported taking it in the last year. This compares with 8.9 per cent in 2009 and continues the decline seen since 2001. As can be seen in figure 5, 3.8 per cent of pupils reported sniffing collative substances such as glue, gas, aerosols etc, which shows a decrease from 5.5 per cent in 2009. Sniffing poppers has fallen from a high in 2007 to 1.5 per cent in 2010 (NHS, 2011). Figure 4 Source: NHS 2011 Figure 5 Source: NHS 2011 A team of researchers recently found higher than expected rates of HIV and hepatitis C infection in a study in London. They suggested that this was due to high risk injecting practices, associated with newer injectors and the injection of crack (Judd et al. 2005).4 They found higher rates of hepatitis C in their sample than in many other cities internationally (Hope et al. 2001). 2.4 Country comparison Compared to Scotland, data from 2010/11 show that illicit drug use ever among 16-59 year olds was lower in Scotland (33.5%) than in England and Wales (36.4%). Whereas the percentage taking any illicit drug in Scotland in the last year (9.8%) or last month (5.8%) was higher than across England and Wales (8.6% in the last year and 5.0% in the last month.) Another barrier to the accuracy of survey estimates is that household and school surveys are likely to miss those people who are amongst the heaviest users of illicit drugs: the homeless, prisoners and school truants. Dependent users of cocaine and heroin may also be of unstable residence, and less likely to be found in their residence at a given time (reuter). 2.3 What is harm reduction Three separate facets of physical harm can be identifi ed. First, acute physical harm-ie, the immediate eff ects (eg, respiratory depression with opioids, acute cardiac crises with cocaine, and fatal poisonings). Second, chronic physical harm-ie, the health consequences of repeated use (eg, psychosis with stimulants, possible lung disease with cannabis). Finally, there are specifi c problems associated with intravenous drug use.(Nutt et al., 2007) Harm reduction refers to policies and programmes that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of drugs (Power, 1994). One widely-cited conception of harm reduction distinguishes harm at different levels individual, community and societal and of different types health, social and economic (Donmall, 2001). These distinctions give a good indication of the breadth of focus and concern within harm reduction. As such, harm reduction should not be considered as a service type, or something delivered within a single tier, but should be subject to a whole system approach to reduce or eliminate the harms associated with drug use (NHS, 2009/10). Health related harm resulting from the use and abuse of drugs vary. This is dependent on the type of substance being used, its frequency, its dosage and circumstances of use (Department of Health and National Treatment Agency, 2011b, Department of Health and National Treatment Agency, 2011a). There is a wide-ranging group of health related harms associated with high levels of illicit drug use and misuse. These include, but are not limited to drug dependence (psychological and physical); withdrawal syndromes; tolerance; substance related deaths which can result from poisoning/overdose, violent attacks, and suicides; as well as the development of other medical illnesses such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis (AGENCY, 2007, Equal Partners: Health and Human Rights, 2007). At the community level, drug use can cause nuisance as a result of people discarding drug related litter such as used needles and syringes (Power, 1994). High levels of drug use and drug dealing can contribute more generally to problems in neighbourhoods and communities with little cultural capital and high levels of poverty, and considerable affects crime levels (Power, 1994).The economic burden of health harms related to drug use and misuse is alarming with the National Health Service (NHS) spending close to  £500 million annually on drug misuse associated harms and drug related crime costing the country an estimated  £13.32 billion (Department of Health and National Treatment Agency, 2007). Recent trends among drug users, particularly injecting drug users (IDU), suggest that drug-related harms have increased in recent years. The Health Protection Agency (HPA) report, Shooting Up: Infections among injecting drug users in the United Kingdom 2006, an update: October 2007 (Pearson, 1987) describes the high levels (48%) of sharing injecting equipment amongst current injecting drug users, with mixing containers such as spoons being the most commonly shared items (NHS, 2011). 2.4 What is health related harm Some of the main concerns about health related harm and drug use related to blood borne viruses, such as hepatitis and HIV. Hepatitis C is the most significant infection affecting injecting drug users (IDUs) with 41% of IDUs having been infected. There is marked regional variation with a prevalence of 22% in the North East to a prevalence of 57% and 60% in London and the North West regions respectively. Alcohol use and misuse is the single biggest contributory factor to those with hepatitis C infection developing fatal liver disease (NHS, 2011, Pearson, 1987). In the UK, hepatitis B is usually acquired in adulthood, with sexual activity or injecting drug use being the most commonly reported routes of infection. Infection with the hepatitis B virus typically causes an acute infection, with a small number of those infected going on to develop chronic disease. Infection with hepatitis B is preventable using a safe and effective vaccine, but continues to cause serious ill health in IDUs and their communities. In 2005, the percentage of IDUs with evidence of past or current hepatitis B infection was 19% (613 of 3,175), which is similar to rates since 1995. There is substantial variation between regions, with North West having the highest rates of 31% (221 of 777), and the lowest in the Yorkshire and the Humber region at 5.5% (14 of 253) (NHS, 2011, Pearson, 1987). HIV infection among drug users remains relatively uncommon in the United Kingdom but there is some evidence of both increasing prevalence and transmission. The prevalence of HIV infection in current IDUs in England and Wales in 2005 was 2.1%, the highest prevalence ever seen. In London the prevalence in current IDUs was 4.3%, which is similar to recent years, but elsewhere in England and Wales the prevalence in current injectors was 1.6% which is more than double the prevalence in 2004 (Pearson, 1987, NHS, 2011). In addition to the infectious diseases mentioned above, site infections are also considered health related harm. There are continuing problems with infections associated with injecting including tetanus and wound botulism. These can result from poor skin hygiene, environmental conditions, and/or poor injecting practice (NHS, 2011, Pearson, 1987). 2.5 Role of community pharmacy and needle exchange Open access drug services, such as needle exchange, can provide a crucial interface with drug users who are not currently engaged in structured drug treatment and who are often, by definition, at greater risk of drug-related harm (NHS, 2009/10). For this reason, this aspect of drug-related harm reduction is highlighted here. In recent years, there has been an increased awareness of the rising levels of hepatitis (B and C), thus increasing the recognition of the need for better distribution of clean injecting equipment (Matheson et al., 2007). The model of delivery for needle exchange (specialist centre based, detached, outreach or pharmacy-based) will vary according to locally defined need (NHS, 2009/10). Community pharmacists play an important role in the UK in the provision of harm reduction services and in the treatment of drug misusers. They distribute clean needles through exchange or sale and dispense substitute drugs (primarily methadone) for maintenance and detoxification, often supervising the self-administration in the pharmacy to ensure it is taken by the intended person (Matheson et al., 2007). Participation in needle exchange at pharmacy level in Scotland has increased overall but more so in some NHS areas than others. It is still relatively low having only increased from 9.7 to 12.5% compared with England where 19% of pharmacies provide this service (Matheson et al., 2007, Sheridan J, 1996) As discussed above, needle exchange and open access services offer an opportunity not only to provide access to safer injecting materials but also to engage with service users who are not in contact with more structured services. They provide health promotion advice, information and materials, brief interventions, healthcare checks, and referral on to other specialist services (NHS, 2009/10). Increasing the number of pharmacy schemes is likely to offer the best opportunity for the rapid expansion of distribution sites, especially for out of hours cover, supported by robust local co-ordination and monitoring of needle and syringe exchange programmes (NHS, 2009/10). Closely connected to such needle exchange programmes are community-based outreach programmes, with which they are sometimes linked. Without necessarily distributing needles and syringes, these aim to obtain face-to-face contact with IDUs, provide literature about HIV risk reduction, distribute condoms and bleach for disinfection of needles and syringes (especially where needle exchange programmes are not operating), promote teaching and modelling of HIV risk reduction by network leaders, referral to services, improve access to risk assessment and HIV testing, provide counselling and support community organising (Hunt, 2010). It has been shown that such community-based responses can be an effective component of the overall drug response (Hunt, 2010). 2.6 Methadone and other replacement therapies Methadone maintenance treatment is the most researched treatment currently available for people who are dependent on opioids. Its use is supported by an evidence-base developed over almost 40 years and from across many different countries. It retains patients in treatment for longer than any alternative, non-replacement therapy, and has a superior effect on the reduction of heroin use and crime associated with opioid dependence (Power, 1994). 2.7 Historical perspective and the policy development The first controls of drug possession were introduced in the First World War, and in the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1920 (Stimson, 2010). At this time, prescribing heroin and morphine was considered legitimate medical treatment for people who would otherwise be unable to withdraw- a very similar concept to the harm reduction strategy known today- and thus helping the patient lead a useful and fairly normal life. The harm reduction approach to drug use first developed among Dutch heroin users in the 1970s. The original Junkiebond (users union) of Rotterdam spread fast into a national federation which successfully negotiated substantial decriminalization, the prescription of methadone, and the provision of clean needles and syringes. The new approach rapidly spread through Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the UK, France, and other northern European countries (Des Jarlais, 1993, Van Solinge, 1999, Gowan et al., 2012). CHAPTER 4 POLICY ANALYSIS 4.1 Drug Policy Despite the long-standing political prominence of the problem, relatively coherent strategies and substantial investments, the United Kingdom has the highest level of dependent drug use and among the highest levels of recreational drug use in Europe (Reuter, 2007). There are vast arrays of different policies and programmes working towards solving problems related to drug use and drug related harm at all levels, and they vary considerably in their effectiveness. In this chapter, policies in the United Kingdom in general and England in particular will be considered. The United Kingdom consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, within which England accounts for 85% of the UK population (Office for National Statistics, 2012). A number of powers have been devolved from the UK Parliament to Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, but each has different levels of devolved responsibilities. The United Kingdom Government is responsible for setting the overall strategy and for its delivery in the devolved administrations only in matters where it has reserved power (Department of Health, 2011). In the United Kingdom, illicit drug policy and attitude towards harm reduction strategies has shifted with government changes. Between 1987 and 1997, there was a public health approach. The aim was to help problem drug users to lead healthier lives, and to limit the damage they might cause to themselves or others (Stimson, 2000). Harm reduction developed in a context of a healthy policy although there were hitches in getting it accepted, for the most part it was well integrated into an amenable existing framework (Stimson, 2000). In 2002 the Liberal Democrats launched new drug policy in which it was proposed that imprisonment should no longer be a punishment option and cannabis should be legalised. The Lib Dem policies were evidence-based, rejecting artificial distinctions between the harm caused by legal and illegal drugs, and rejecting enforcement and prison as primary policy tools based on evidence of ineffectiveness. Unsuccessful in promoting their policies in 2002, in 2011, experts backed calls to be made at the Liberal Democrats conference for the decriminalisation of all drugs, saying it would not lead to a surge in drug use (Travis, 2011). This call came not long after the launch of a new drug strategy, launched in December 2010, replacing that of the previous Government. The 2010 strategy sets out a fundamentally different approach to preventing drug use in communities, and in supporting recovery from drug and alcohol dependence. Some of the main aspects include the responsibility it puts on the indi vidual to seek help and overcome dependency as well as providing a more holistic approach, by addressing other issues in addition to treatment to support people dependent on drugs or alcohol, such as offending, employment and housing. The 2010 strategy aims to reduce demand and takes an uncompromising approach to crack down on those involved in the drug supply both at home and abroad. With the devolution of power, it puts accountability in the hands of local communities to tackle drugs and the harms they cause. The coverage of the new strategy is as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ health, education, housing and social care confined to England à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ policing and the criminal justice system England and Wales à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the work of the Department for Work and Pensions England, Wales and Scotland (Home Office, 2012) The Scottish Government and Welsh Governments national drug strategies were published in 2008 and all three strategies aim to make further progress on reducing harm and each focuses on recovery (Department of Health, 2011). The changes in the Governments drug policies have not gone without remark. In response to the change in Government strategy, the recently published document Charting New Waters from the UK Drug Policy Commission examined potential threats to drug services. The radical shift from centralised oversight toward local control of commissioning services, raised concerns and questions about whether the changes will deliver the outcomes that people need or help control public expenditure. The report concludes that the new policy is a major social experiment, the outcomes of which are uncertain (OHara, 2012). Research by the UK Drug Policy commission has shown that in addition to the reforms to police, justice, health and local council services in England, these systemic changes together with the budget cuts risk reducing the ability of local areas to respond effectively to problems caused by illicit drug use (Beck 2012). 4.2 UK policy approach As is the case in most European countries, drug-related deaths, infectious diseases, co-morbidity and other health consequences are key policy issues within the United Kingdoms drug strategies (EMCDDA, 2012). Interventions include information campaigns on the risks associated with drug use for different target groups, as well as information on safer injecting and safer sex practices, needle exchange schemes, infection counselling, support and testing, and vaccinations against hepatitis B. In most parts of the United Kingdom, particularly in England, there is a four-tier system of treatment for drug abuse. Tier 1 refers to generic interventions such as information and advice, screening and referral to more specialist services. Tier 2 refers to open-access interventions, such as drop-in services providing advice, information and some harm reduction services such as syringe exchange. Tier 3 services are specialist community services and include prescribing services, structured day programmes and structured psychosocial interventions, such as counselling and therapy and community-based detoxification. Tier 4 services are inpatient services, including detoxification and residential rehabilitation. The majority of structured treatment is delivered at Tier 3, predominantly through community-based specialist drug treatment services (EMCDDA, 2012). 4.3 Drugs and the law The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, with amendments, is the main law regulating drug control in the UK. Drug use per se is not an offence under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971: it is the possession of the drug which constitutes an offence (EMCDDA, 2012). The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 divides controlled substances into 3 Classes (A, B, C) based on harm, with Class A being the most harmful. The classification of a drug has several consequences, specifically in determining the legal penalties for importation, supply, and possession, as well as the degree of police effort targeted at restricting its use (Nutt et al., 2007). The actual classifi

Transformational Leadership in Safety :: essays research papers

Running head: TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND SAFETY Transformational Leadership and Safety Transformational Leadership and Safety The Postal Service in Baton Rouge and cities around the nation has a poor reputation when it comes to safety and health of its employees. In an attempt to debunk this unjust accusation, Management and craft employees alike set out to accomplish a task never before achieved by a postal facility with more than 20 employees. Many managers in the Southwest Area thought it suicide to invite the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in for an inspection and try to achieve the highest recommendation obtainable, the coveted â€Å"STAR† award. The plants 491 employees, supervisors and managers using transformational leadership, prepared for and accomplished this achievement in only 90 days. Transformational Leadership by definition is the broadening and elevating of the awareness, acceptance and attitudes of the workforce beyond their personal interest for the good of a group or company (Bass, 1990) Management, union officials, and craft employees acting as safety captains, worked together to motivate the workforce to see a bigger picture. The first and most important task was building a relationship of trust. The Postal Service is notorious for discipline of its employees when something goes wrong but is slow to reward these same employees for a job well done. The Plant Manager at Baton Rouge, Joseph Tate a 42-year veteran of the service, decided that charisma, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration, as discussed by Sally A. Carless (1998) were necessary in achieving a cultural change. He believed that in order to achieve a STAR rating the employees would have to come onboard. With the blessings of the Louisiana District office, he instituted a new safety program that was fashioned after that of Dow Chemical, 3-M and other industry leaders. Employee involvement, as in every industrial success, was the key. Employees selected their own safety captains from the craft workers. Instead of the supervisors of each unit giving the same old boring safety talks, it was now the responsibility of the safety captains to present relevant safety information for each unit. Safety captains gathered information throughout the week, and used examples, tasks, tools and materials used within the unit for these talks. Weekly safety meetings became participative and interesting from the onset. Monthly meetings attended by the safety captains, the plant manager, and the district safety manager proved extremely productive. Monthly safety contests with prizes, job safety analysis completed by the employees themselves, additional OSHA sanctioned training, and a safety information centers on the workroom floor were but a few of the ideas implemented.